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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d (Business Model): \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/h2>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 (Partenariat Public-Priv\u00e9 &#8211; PPP). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 (Infrastructure et R\u00e9gulation)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (Expropriation) \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 (Cadre r\u00e9glementaire).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 (Op\u00e9ration, Maintenance et Innovation)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a (Mat\u00e9riel roulant).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/jobsdz.com\/ar\/blog\/\">\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 (\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 (Co\u00fbts d&#8217;infrastructure)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 (Mat\u00e9riel roulant)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 (Syst\u00e8mes et signalisation)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 (Co\u00fbts d&#8217;exploitation)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 (Sources de financement)<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a (BNA) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a (BEA).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a (AfDB) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 (IDE):<\/strong> \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643:<\/strong> \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 (Flux de revenus et Rentabilit\u00e9)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 (Billetterie):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0646 (Yield Management) \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0632\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 (\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 (Fret express):<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (Centres de vie). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 (Wi-Fi)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (D\u00e9fis bureaucratiques)<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a 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\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 (Capital) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a (Consortiums) \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644:<\/strong> \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646 (Sous-traitants) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 (\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631-\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 400 \u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 7 \u0625\u0644\u0649 12 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0630\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u00c9tude de faisabilit\u00e9):<\/strong> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 (PPP):<\/strong> \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Roadshows) \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Appels d&#8217;offres):<\/strong> \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631-\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631: \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 (Sous-estimation des co\u00fbts):<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0633\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/jobsdz.com\/ar\/wadifa\">\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0643<\/a> \u0623\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/jobsdz.com\/ar\/submit-resume\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aapi.dz\/fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 (AAPI)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sntf.dz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (SNTF)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mt.gov.dz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0640 (Train \u00e0 Grande Vitesse &#8211; TGV)\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. 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